Perpetrators of such fraud use various marketing techniques to attract subscribers on their social media channels. In 2018, Russia banned Telegram although it reversed the prohibition two years later. But Kliuchnikov, the Ukranian now in France, said he will use Signal or WhatsApp for sensitive conversations, but questions around privacy on Telegram do not give him pause when it comes to sharing information about the war. Although some channels have been removed, the curation process is considered opaque and insufficient by analysts.
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