In Tatar, the combination of verbal adverbs (VA) formed with -a, -ə, -ıy, -i or -p, -ıp, -ep / -mıy, -mi, -mıyça, -miçə with auxiliary verbs is one of the most common ways to express subtle nuances of action. Auxiliary verbs are independent verbs that, when combined with a verbal adverb, add a lexical nuance to the action of the principal verb.
💬uqı (read) – uqıp çıq (read through) – uqıp beter (read to the end, finish reading)
💡 Using auxiliaries often makes an action more definite or concrete: Awırunıñ xəle yaxşıra. – The condition of the patient is improving.
Awırunıñ xəle yaxşıra bara. – The condition of the patient is gradually improving.
Here are some frequently used auxiliary verbs:
🔸başlaw (lit. to begin) – with a VA in -a, -ə, -ıy, -i indicates the beginning of an action
Əni çəy əzerli başladı. (Kərim Əmiri, “Əsma”) – Mother began to make tea.
🔸betü (lit. to end (intrans.)) – with a VA in -p, -ıp, -ep indicates that the action has come to an end
Cil tuqtağan, kiçəge bolıtlar taralıp betkənnər. (Ğalimcan İbrahimov, “Diñgezdə”) – The wind has stopped, and yesterday's clouds have completely dispersed.
🔸beterü (lit. to finish, bring to an end) – with a VA in -p, -ıp, -ep indicates that an action is brought to an end
Rəis, xatnı uqıp betergəç, berniqədər waqıt onıtılıp tordı. (Mirsəy Əmir, “Məxəbbət xatı”) – After reading the letter, Rəis became lost in thought for some time.
uqıy başladı – started reading uqıp beterde – finished reading
🔸kilü (lit. to come) – with a VA in -a, -ə, -ıy, -i or in -p, -ıp, -ep indicates that an action is repeated within a certain period of time
Min bit gel əytə kildem, Sayimə ciñgi, tuy yasamıym, didem. (Şərif Xösəyenov, “Əniyemneñ aq külməge”) – After all, (sister-in-law) Sayimə, I have said it all along, I'm not going to have a wedding, I said.
• With a VA in -p, -ıp, -ep indicates the direction of an action towards the speaker:
alıp kildem – I brought (lit. I took and came)
🔸kitü (lit. to leave, go away) – with a VA in -p, -ıp, -ep indicates the sudden begin and rapid development of an action
Uyın yañadan qızıp kitə. (Şəyxi Mannur, “Ağımsularğa qarap”) – The game is heating up again.
• Also indicates an action moving away from the speaker:
çığıp kittem –I left
• Used together with bulıp denotes an action or state becoming continuous
dus bulıp kittek –we became friends
oçıp kilü – to come flying oçıp kitü – to fly away
🔸menü (lit. to mount (on), to rise, climb, ascend) – with a VA in -p, -ıp, -ep indicates an upward direction of the action
🔸töşü (lit. to descend, to fall) – with a VA in -p, -ıp, -ep indicates a downward direction of the action
sikerep mende – jumped on sth. sikerep töşte – jumped down
🔸quyu (lit. to put, lay down) – with a VA in -p, -ıp, -ep indicates an intentional execution of an action, often producing a result
Tuqta, min bolarnı yazıp ta quyıym əle. (Mirsəy Əmir, “Yeget şə-ə-əp”) – Wait, please, let me just write down these things.
bəyləp quyu – to tie yatlap quyu – to learn by heart
🔸cibərü (lit. to send) – with a VA in -p, -ıp, -ep indicates a sudden, forceful, or brief action that may start abruptly, intensify, be carried out unconsciously, or develop into a continuous state.
kölep cibərü – to burst out laughing etep cibərü – to push
🔸citü (lit. to reach) – with a VA in -p, -ıp, -ep indicates that the action or state has reached a limit or has rendered a result
İkençe könne nəq bilgeləngən waqıtta Mədinəneñ çaqırulı qunaqları kilep citte. (Atilla Rasix, “İke buydaq”) – The next day, exactly at the set time, Mədinə's invited guests arrived.
In Tatar, the combination of verbal adverbs (VA) formed with -a, -ə, -ıy, -i or -p, -ıp, -ep / -mıy, -mi, -mıyça, -miçə with auxiliary verbs is one of the most common ways to express subtle nuances of action. Auxiliary verbs are independent verbs that, when combined with a verbal adverb, add a lexical nuance to the action of the principal verb.
💬uqı (read) – uqıp çıq (read through) – uqıp beter (read to the end, finish reading)
💡 Using auxiliaries often makes an action more definite or concrete: Awırunıñ xəle yaxşıra. – The condition of the patient is improving.
Awırunıñ xəle yaxşıra bara. – The condition of the patient is gradually improving.
Here are some frequently used auxiliary verbs:
🔸başlaw (lit. to begin) – with a VA in -a, -ə, -ıy, -i indicates the beginning of an action
Əni çəy əzerli başladı. (Kərim Əmiri, “Əsma”) – Mother began to make tea.
🔸betü (lit. to end (intrans.)) – with a VA in -p, -ıp, -ep indicates that the action has come to an end
Cil tuqtağan, kiçəge bolıtlar taralıp betkənnər. (Ğalimcan İbrahimov, “Diñgezdə”) – The wind has stopped, and yesterday's clouds have completely dispersed.
🔸beterü (lit. to finish, bring to an end) – with a VA in -p, -ıp, -ep indicates that an action is brought to an end
Rəis, xatnı uqıp betergəç, berniqədər waqıt onıtılıp tordı. (Mirsəy Əmir, “Məxəbbət xatı”) – After reading the letter, Rəis became lost in thought for some time.
uqıy başladı – started reading uqıp beterde – finished reading
🔸kilü (lit. to come) – with a VA in -a, -ə, -ıy, -i or in -p, -ıp, -ep indicates that an action is repeated within a certain period of time
Min bit gel əytə kildem, Sayimə ciñgi, tuy yasamıym, didem. (Şərif Xösəyenov, “Əniyemneñ aq külməge”) – After all, (sister-in-law) Sayimə, I have said it all along, I'm not going to have a wedding, I said.
• With a VA in -p, -ıp, -ep indicates the direction of an action towards the speaker:
alıp kildem – I brought (lit. I took and came)
🔸kitü (lit. to leave, go away) – with a VA in -p, -ıp, -ep indicates the sudden begin and rapid development of an action
Uyın yañadan qızıp kitə. (Şəyxi Mannur, “Ağımsularğa qarap”) – The game is heating up again.
• Also indicates an action moving away from the speaker:
çığıp kittem –I left
• Used together with bulıp denotes an action or state becoming continuous
dus bulıp kittek –we became friends
oçıp kilü – to come flying oçıp kitü – to fly away
🔸menü (lit. to mount (on), to rise, climb, ascend) – with a VA in -p, -ıp, -ep indicates an upward direction of the action
🔸töşü (lit. to descend, to fall) – with a VA in -p, -ıp, -ep indicates a downward direction of the action
sikerep mende – jumped on sth. sikerep töşte – jumped down
🔸quyu (lit. to put, lay down) – with a VA in -p, -ıp, -ep indicates an intentional execution of an action, often producing a result
Tuqta, min bolarnı yazıp ta quyıym əle. (Mirsəy Əmir, “Yeget şə-ə-əp”) – Wait, please, let me just write down these things.
bəyləp quyu – to tie yatlap quyu – to learn by heart
🔸cibərü (lit. to send) – with a VA in -p, -ıp, -ep indicates a sudden, forceful, or brief action that may start abruptly, intensify, be carried out unconsciously, or develop into a continuous state.
kölep cibərü – to burst out laughing etep cibərü – to push
🔸citü (lit. to reach) – with a VA in -p, -ıp, -ep indicates that the action or state has reached a limit or has rendered a result
İkençe könne nəq bilgeləngən waqıtta Mədinəneñ çaqırulı qunaqları kilep citte. (Atilla Rasix, “İke buydaq”) – The next day, exactly at the set time, Mədinə's invited guests arrived.
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The Russian invasion of Ukraine has been a driving force in markets for the past few weeks. Unlike Silicon Valley giants such as Facebook and Twitter, which run very public anti-disinformation programs, Brooking said: "Telegram is famously lax or absent in its content moderation policy." False news often spreads via public groups, or chats, with potentially fatal effects. You may recall that, back when Facebook started changing WhatsApp’s terms of service, a number of news outlets reported on, and even recommended, switching to Telegram. Pavel Durov even said that users should delete WhatsApp “unless you are cool with all of your photos and messages becoming public one day.” But Telegram can’t be described as a more-secure version of WhatsApp. Telegram was founded in 2013 by two Russian brothers, Nikolai and Pavel Durov.
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