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ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΊ (ο·Ί) заимствовал ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΡƒΠ΄Π΅Π΅Π² ΠΈ христиан, Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ историчСского ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° модСрнистов дСвятнадцатого Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° - Gabriel Said Reynolds (с).

МнСниС ΡƒΡ‡Ρ‘Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ соврСмСнности, Gabriel Said Reynolds ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ Π±Ρ‹Π» профСссором исламских исслСдований ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π² Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ Нотр-Π”Π°ΠΌΠ°:

Β«Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹Ρ‡Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡŒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π» Π±Ρ‹Π» заимствован Ρƒ ΠΈΡƒΠ΄Π΅Π΅Π² ΠΈ христиан. Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ, это Ρ€Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡŒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ своСго Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π° альбом Ρ€Π°Π½Π½ΠΈΡ… Ρ€Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ.

На ΠΌΠΎΠΉ взгляд, этот ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊ ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΊΡƒ Π±Ρ‹Π» Π² Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ стСпСни ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ историчСского ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° модСрнистов дСвятнадцатого Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ, Π² частности, ΠΈΡ… довСрия общСпринятой Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΈ ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠ°. Π’ этой Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΈ дСлаСтся всС Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€ΠΊΠ½ΡƒΡ‚ΡŒ язычСский контСкст. Π’Π΅ΠΌ самым подчСркиваСтся боТСствСнноС происхоТдСниС ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠ° Π²Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡƒΠ΄Π°ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ христианства, Π² Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π΅, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ Π±Ρ‹Π» послСднСй, Π³ΠΎΡ€Π΄ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ язычСства.
Π’ Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΊ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ воспитываСтся ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΡŒΡŽ-Π±Π΅Π΄ΡƒΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠΉ (язычницСй) посрСди пустыни.
ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ этой Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΈ Π² качСствС истории ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊ мысли, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π΅Π΅ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΠΈ ΠΈΡƒΠ΄Π΅Π΅Π² ΠΈ христиан, с ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π΅ΠΌΡƒ прСдстояло Π²ΡΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ впослСдствии.
Однако ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π·Π° этим ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ стоит чисто полСмичСскоС описаниС Π² досоврСмСнных СвропСйских Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄Π°Ρ…, согласно ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌΡƒ ΠΎΠ½ Π±Ρ‹Π» Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ, Π° скорСС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ΠΆΠ΅ СрСтичСского ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ…Π°-нСсторианина.Β»

Thus was usually assumed to have borrowed material from Jews and Christians. The consequently was seen as something of a scrapbook of earlier religious ideas.

As I see it this pejorative approach to the was in large part a product of the historical optimism of nineteenth-century modernists, and in particular of their trust in the received biography of the Prophet. That biography goes to great lengths to emphasize pagan context. Thereby it emphasizes the divine origin of the by having far away from the traditional centers of Judaism and Christianity, in a city that was the last, proud metropolis of paganism.
It even has the Prophet reared by a (pagan) Bedouin foster mother in middle of the desert. The acceptance of this biography as history led scholars to believe that could not have written the without help from the Jews and Christians whom he would later meet. It might be added, however, that behind this approach also lies the purely polemical portrayal of in premodern European writings, according to which he was no prophet but rather the protΓ©gΓ© of a heretical Nestorian monk.Β»



πŸ“˜Π‘ΠΌ. Β«The Qur'an and Its Biblical SubtextΒ», p.35

Π‘ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΊΠ°: Π“Π°Π±Ρ€ΠΈΡΠ»ΡŒ Π‘Π°ΠΈΠ΄ РСйнольдс (Gabriel Said Reynolds), Π·Π°Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ» Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ ΠΏΠΎ исламским исслСдованиям Π² Π™Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ унивСрситСтС. Π’ настоящСС врСмя ΠΎΠ½ исслСдуСт ΠšΠΎΡ€Π°Π½ ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ ΠΌΡƒΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠ°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ христианами ΠΈ являСтся профСссором исламских исслСдований ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Нотр-Π”Π°ΠΌΠ°.

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ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΊ (ο·Ί) заимствовал ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΡƒΠ΄Π΅Π΅Π² ΠΈ христиан, Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ историчСского ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° модСрнистов дСвятнадцатого Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° - Gabriel Said Reynolds (с).

МнСниС ΡƒΡ‡Ρ‘Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ соврСмСнности, Gabriel Said Reynolds ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ Π±Ρ‹Π» профСссором исламских исслСдований ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π² Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ Нотр-Π”Π°ΠΌΠ°:

Β«Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹Ρ‡Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡŒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π» Π±Ρ‹Π» заимствован Ρƒ ΠΈΡƒΠ΄Π΅Π΅Π² ΠΈ христиан. Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ, это Ρ€Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡŒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ своСго Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π° альбом Ρ€Π°Π½Π½ΠΈΡ… Ρ€Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ.

На ΠΌΠΎΠΉ взгляд, этот ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊ ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΊΡƒ Π±Ρ‹Π» Π² Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ стСпСни ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ историчСского ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° модСрнистов дСвятнадцатого Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ, Π² частности, ΠΈΡ… довСрия общСпринятой Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΈ ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠ°. Π’ этой Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΈ дСлаСтся всС Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€ΠΊΠ½ΡƒΡ‚ΡŒ язычСский контСкст. Π’Π΅ΠΌ самым подчСркиваСтся боТСствСнноС происхоТдСниС ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠ° Π²Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡƒΠ΄Π°ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ христианства, Π² Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π΅, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ Π±Ρ‹Π» послСднСй, Π³ΠΎΡ€Π΄ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ язычСства.
Π’ Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΊ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ воспитываСтся ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΡŒΡŽ-Π±Π΅Π΄ΡƒΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠΉ (язычницСй) посрСди пустыни.
ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ этой Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΈ Π² качСствС истории ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊ мысли, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π΅Π΅ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΠΈ ΠΈΡƒΠ΄Π΅Π΅Π² ΠΈ христиан, с ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π΅ΠΌΡƒ прСдстояло Π²ΡΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ впослСдствии.
Однако ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π·Π° этим ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ стоит чисто полСмичСскоС описаниС Π² досоврСмСнных СвропСйских Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄Π°Ρ…, согласно ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌΡƒ ΠΎΠ½ Π±Ρ‹Π» Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ, Π° скорСС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ΠΆΠ΅ СрСтичСского ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ…Π°-нСсторианина.Β»

Thus was usually assumed to have borrowed material from Jews and Christians. The consequently was seen as something of a scrapbook of earlier religious ideas.

As I see it this pejorative approach to the was in large part a product of the historical optimism of nineteenth-century modernists, and in particular of their trust in the received biography of the Prophet. That biography goes to great lengths to emphasize pagan context. Thereby it emphasizes the divine origin of the by having far away from the traditional centers of Judaism and Christianity, in a city that was the last, proud metropolis of paganism.
It even has the Prophet reared by a (pagan) Bedouin foster mother in middle of the desert. The acceptance of this biography as history led scholars to believe that could not have written the without help from the Jews and Christians whom he would later meet. It might be added, however, that behind this approach also lies the purely polemical portrayal of in premodern European writings, according to which he was no prophet but rather the protΓ©gΓ© of a heretical Nestorian monk.Β»



πŸ“˜Π‘ΠΌ. Β«The Qur'an and Its Biblical SubtextΒ», p.35

Π‘ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΊΠ°: Π“Π°Π±Ρ€ΠΈΡΠ»ΡŒ Π‘Π°ΠΈΠ΄ РСйнольдс (Gabriel Said Reynolds), Π·Π°Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ» Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ ΠΏΠΎ исламским исслСдованиям Π² Π™Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ унивСрситСтС. Π’ настоящСС врСмя ΠΎΠ½ исслСдуСт ΠšΠΎΡ€Π°Π½ ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ ΠΌΡƒΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠ°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ христианами ΠΈ являСтся профСссором исламских исслСдований ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Нотр-Π”Π°ΠΌΠ°.

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That hurt tech stocks. For the past few weeks, the 10-year yield has traded between 1.72% and 2%, as traders moved into the bond for safety when Russia headlines were uglyβ€”and out of it when headlines improved. Now, the yield is touching its pandemic-era high. If the yield breaks above that level, that could signal that it’s on a sustainable path higher. Higher long-dated bond yields make future profits less valuableβ€”and many tech companies are valued on the basis of profits forecast for many years in the future. Friday’s performance was part of a larger shift. For the week, the Dow, S&P 500 and Nasdaq fell 2%, 2.9%, and 3.5%, respectively. Again, in contrast to Facebook, Google and Twitter, Telegram's founder Pavel Durov runs his company in relative secrecy from Dubai. In the United States, Telegram's lower public profile has helped it mostly avoid high level scrutiny from Congress, but it has not gone unnoticed. But Kliuchnikov, the Ukranian now in France, said he will use Signal or WhatsApp for sensitive conversations, but questions around privacy on Telegram do not give him pause when it comes to sharing information about the war.
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